23. Plomin, R., & Bergeman, C. S. (1991a). The nature of nurture: Genetic influence on "environmental" measures. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 373-414 (With open peer commentary).

Recent twin and adoption studies indicate substantial genetic influence when measures of the environment are treated as phenotypes in genetic analyses. Genetic influence has been documented for measures as diverse as videotaped observations of parental behavior toward their children, ratings by parents and children of their family environment, and ratings of peer groups, social support, and life events. The goal of this article is to document and discuss these findings and to elicit commentary that might help to shape the course of research on this topic.