!Using MZ and DZ twins !Analysis of platelet count !Cholesky decomposition 12, 14, 16 year olds The following MX script lines were read for group 1 #DEFINE NVAR 3 #DEFINE NSIB 2 ! NUMBER OF SIBLINGS #NGROUPS 3 Note: #NGroup set number of groups to 3 G1: PARAMETER SPECIFICATION CALCULATION BEGIN MATRICES; W LOWER NVAR NVAR FIXED !DOMINANT GENETIC EFFECTS X LOWER NVAR NVAR FREE !GENETIC BACKGROUND Y LOWER NVAR NVAR FREE !COMMON ENVIRONMENT Z LOWER NVAR NVAR FREE !UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT M FULL NSIB NVAR FREE !MEANS H FULL 1 1 Q FULL 1 1 END MATRICES; MATRIX H .5 MATRIX Q .25 SPECIFY M 20 21 22 20 21 22 BEGIN ALGEBRA; A = X*X'; !ADDITIVE GENETIC VARIANCE C = Y*Y'; !COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL VARIANCE D = W*W'; !DOMINANCE VARIANCE E = Z*Z'; !UNIQUE ENVIRONMENTAL VARIANCE END ALGEBRA; END The following MX script lines were read for group 2 G2: MONOZYGOTIC TWINS DATA NINPUT=13 RECTANGULAR FILE=MARKER1.DAT NOTE: Rectangular file contained 519 records with data LABELS FAMID INDID1 INDID2 PIBD0 PIBD1 PIBD2 ZYGOSITY PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 SELECT IF ZYGOSITY <3 ; NOTE: Select if yields 287 data vectors for analysis NOTE: Vectors contain a total of 2962 observations SELECT PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 ; BEGIN MATRICES =GROUP 1; NOTE: Selection yields 277 data vectors for analysis NOTE: Vectors contain a total of 953 observations MEANS M; COVARIANCE A+C+D+E | A+C+D_ A+C+D | A+C+D+E; END The following MX script lines were read for group 3 G3: DIZYGOTIC TWINS DATA NINPUT=13 RECTANGULAR FILE=MARKER1.DAT NOTE: Rectangular file contained 519 records with data LABELS FAMID INDID1 INDID2 PIBD0 PIBD1 PIBD2 ZYGOSITY PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 SELECT IF ZYGOSITY >2 ; NOTE: Select if yields 232 data vectors for analysis NOTE: Vectors contain a total of 2662 observations SELECT PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 ; BEGIN MATRICES =GROUP 1 ; NOTE: Selection yields 230 data vectors for analysis NOTE: Vectors contain a total of 1038 observations MEANS M; COVARIANCE A+C+D+E | H@A+C+Q@D_ H@A+C+Q@D | A+C+D+E; START 0.5 ALL START 2.8 M 1 1 1 TO M 1 NSIB NVAR OPTION NDECIMALS=3 OPTION ITERATIONS=5000 OPTION MULTIPLE ISSAT END Summary of VL file data for group 2 PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 Code 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 Number 165.000 145.000 171.000 163.000 140.000 169.000 Mean 2.849 2.696 2.541 2.862 2.711 2.568 Variance 0.293 0.356 0.272 0.302 0.307 0.268 Minimum 1.800 1.150 1.240 1.800 1.220 1.560 Maximum 4.480 4.360 4.050 4.580 4.280 4.070 Summary of VL file data for group 3 PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 Code 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 Number 193.000 205.000 123.000 190.000 205.000 122.000 Mean 2.866 2.671 2.477 2.796 2.634 2.491 Variance 0.294 0.297 0.232 0.306 0.357 0.314 Minimum 1.580 1.310 1.520 1.480 1.380 1.400 Maximum 4.410 4.350 4.210 4.590 4.780 4.110 PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS GROUP NUMBER: 1 G1: Parameter specification MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 20 21 22 2 20 21 22 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 7 2 8 9 3 10 11 12 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 13 2 14 15 3 16 17 18 GROUP NUMBER: 2 G2: Monozygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 20 21 22 2 20 21 22 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 7 2 8 9 3 10 11 12 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 13 2 14 15 3 16 17 18 GROUP NUMBER: 3 G3: Dizygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 20 21 22 2 20 21 22 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 7 2 8 9 3 10 11 12 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 13 2 14 15 3 16 17 18 MX PARAMETER ESTIMATES GROUP NUMBER: 1 G1: Parameter specification MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=X*X'] 1 2 3 1 0.257 0.216 0.187 2 0.216 0.233 0.171 3 0.187 0.171 0.188 MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Y*Y'] 1 2 3 1 0.010 0.018 0.016 2 0.018 0.031 0.028 3 0.016 0.028 0.028 MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=W*W'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Z*Z'] 1 2 3 1 0.045 0.010 0.002 2 0.010 0.064 0.011 3 0.002 0.011 0.059 MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.500 MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 2.880 2.690 2.507 2 2.880 2.690 2.507 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.250 MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.507 2 0.426 0.228 3 0.368 0.060 0.221 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.101 2 0.176 0.003 3 0.157 0.057 0.000 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.212 2 0.049 0.248 3 0.010 0.043 0.238 GROUP NUMBER: 2 G2: Monozygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=X*X'] 1 2 3 1 0.257 0.216 0.187 2 0.216 0.233 0.171 3 0.187 0.171 0.188 MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Y*Y'] 1 2 3 1 0.010 0.018 0.016 2 0.018 0.031 0.028 3 0.016 0.028 0.028 MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=W*W'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Z*Z'] 1 2 3 1 0.045 0.010 0.002 2 0.010 0.064 0.011 3 0.002 0.011 0.059 MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.500 MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 2.880 2.690 2.507 2 2.880 2.690 2.507 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.250 MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.507 2 0.426 0.228 3 0.368 0.060 0.221 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.101 2 0.176 0.003 3 0.157 0.057 0.000 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.212 2 0.049 0.248 3 0.010 0.043 0.238 GROUP NUMBER: 3 G3: Dizygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=X*X'] 1 2 3 1 0.257 0.216 0.187 2 0.216 0.233 0.171 3 0.187 0.171 0.188 MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Y*Y'] 1 2 3 1 0.010 0.018 0.016 2 0.018 0.031 0.028 3 0.016 0.028 0.028 MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=W*W'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Z*Z'] 1 2 3 1 0.045 0.010 0.002 2 0.010 0.064 0.011 3 0.002 0.011 0.059 MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.500 MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 2.880 2.690 2.507 2 2.880 2.690 2.507 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.250 MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.507 2 0.426 0.228 3 0.368 0.060 0.221 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.101 2 0.176 0.003 3 0.157 0.057 0.000 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.212 2 0.049 0.248 3 0.010 0.043 0.238 Your model has 21 estimated parameters and 1991 Observed statistics -2 times log-likelihood of data >>> 1994.414 Degrees of freedom >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1970 This problem used 14.0% of my workspace Task Time elapsed (DD:HH:MM:SS) Reading script & data 0: 0: 0: 1.26 Execution 0: 0: 0:23.07 TOTAL 0: 0: 0:24.33 Total number of warnings issued: 0 ______________________________________________________________________________ ! AE Cholesky Multiple fit option in effect. The following MX script lines have been read: DROP Y 1 1 1 TO Y 1 NVAR NVAR END Summary of VL file data for group 2 PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 Code 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 Number 165.000 145.000 171.000 163.000 140.000 169.000 Mean 2.849 2.696 2.541 2.862 2.711 2.568 Variance 0.293 0.356 0.272 0.302 0.307 0.268 Minimum 1.800 1.150 1.240 1.800 1.220 1.560 Maximum 4.480 4.360 4.050 4.580 4.280 4.070 Summary of VL file data for group 3 PLT11 PLT12 PLT13 PLT21 PLT22 PLT23 Code 1.000 2.000 3.000 4.000 5.000 6.000 Number 193.000 205.000 123.000 190.000 205.000 122.000 Mean 2.866 2.671 2.477 2.796 2.634 2.491 Variance 0.294 0.297 0.232 0.306 0.357 0.314 Minimum 1.580 1.310 1.520 1.480 1.380 1.400 Maximum 4.410 4.350 4.210 4.590 4.780 4.110 PARAMETER SPECIFICATIONS GROUP NUMBER: 1 G1: Parameter specification MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 20 21 22 2 20 21 22 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 13 2 14 15 3 16 17 18 GROUP NUMBER: 2 G2: Monozygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 20 21 22 2 20 21 22 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 13 2 14 15 3 16 17 18 GROUP NUMBER: 3 G3: Dizygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 20 21 22 2 20 21 22 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5 6 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 It has no free parameters specified MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 13 2 14 15 3 16 17 18 MX PARAMETER ESTIMATES GROUP NUMBER: 1 G1: Parameter specification MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=X*X'] 1 2 3 1 0.264 0.231 0.200 2 0.231 0.262 0.196 3 0.200 0.196 0.214 MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Y*Y'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=W*W'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Z*Z'] 1 2 3 1 0.045 0.010 0.002 2 0.010 0.063 0.011 3 0.002 0.011 0.058 MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.500 MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 2.879 2.689 2.506 2 2.879 2.689 2.506 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.250 MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.514 2 0.449 0.246 3 0.389 0.088 0.235 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.212 2 0.048 0.246 3 0.011 0.041 0.237 GROUP NUMBER: 2 G2: Monozygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=X*X'] 1 2 3 1 0.264 0.231 0.200 2 0.231 0.262 0.196 3 0.200 0.196 0.214 MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Y*Y'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=W*W'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Z*Z'] 1 2 3 1 0.045 0.010 0.002 2 0.010 0.063 0.011 3 0.002 0.011 0.058 MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.500 MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 2.879 2.689 2.506 2 2.879 2.689 2.506 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.250 MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.514 2 0.449 0.246 3 0.389 0.088 0.235 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.212 2 0.048 0.246 3 0.011 0.041 0.237 GROUP NUMBER: 3 G3: Dizygotic twins MATRIX A This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=X*X'] 1 2 3 1 0.264 0.231 0.200 2 0.231 0.262 0.196 3 0.200 0.196 0.214 MATRIX C This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Y*Y'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX D This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=W*W'] 1 2 3 1 0.000 0.000 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX E This is a computed FULL matrix of order 3 by 3 [=Z*Z'] 1 2 3 1 0.045 0.010 0.002 2 0.010 0.063 0.011 3 0.002 0.011 0.058 MATRIX H This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.500 MATRIX M This is a FULL matrix of order 2 by 3 1 2 3 1 2.879 2.689 2.506 2 2.879 2.689 2.506 MATRIX Q This is a FULL matrix of order 1 by 1 1 1 0.250 MATRIX W This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX X This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.514 2 0.449 0.246 3 0.389 0.088 0.235 MATRIX Y This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.000 2 0.000 0.000 3 0.000 0.000 0.000 MATRIX Z This is a LOWER TRIANGULAR matrix of order 3 by 3 1 2 3 1 0.212 2 0.048 0.246 3 0.011 0.041 0.237 Your model has 15 estimated parameters and 1991 Observed statistics -2 times log-likelihood of data >>> 1995.477 Degrees of freedom >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 1976 Saturated model fit* >>>>>>>>>>> 1994.414 Saturated model df* >>>>>>>>>>> 1970 Difference Chi-squared >>>>>>>> 1.063 Difference d.f. >>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 6 Probability >>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>> 0.983 Akaike's Information Criterion > -10.937 * Saturated model statistic computed earlier in this job This problem used 14.0% of my workspace Task Time elapsed (DD:HH:MM:SS) Reading script & data 0: 0: 0: 0.00 Execution 0: 0: 0: 4.67 TOTAL 0: 0: 0: 4.67 Total number of warnings issued: 0 ______________________________________________________________________________