Next:
1 The Scope of
Index
1 The Scope of Genetic Analyses
1 Introduction and General Aims
2 Heredity and Variation
1 Variation
1 Variation is Everywhere
2 Beyond the
a priori
Approach
3 Biometrical Genetical and Epidemiological Approaches
4 Not Much Can Be Said About Means
5 Variation and Modification
2 Graphing and Quantifying Familial Resemblance
3 Within Family Differences
3 Building and Fitting Models
4 The Elements of a Model: Causes of Variation
1 Genetic Effects
2 Environmental Effects
3 Genotype-Environment Effects
1 Assortative Mating.
2 Genotype-Environment Correlation.
3 Genotype
Environment Interaction
5 Relationships between Variables
1 The Contribution of Genes and Environment to the Correlation between Variables
2 Analyzing the Direction of Causation
3 Analyzing Developmental Change
6 The Context of our Approach
1 Early History
2 19th Century Origins
3 Genetic, Factor, and Path Analysis
4 Integration of the Biometrical and Path-Analytic Approaches
5 Development of Statistical Methods
2 Data Preparation
1 Introduction
2 Continuous Data Analysis
1 Calculating Summary Statistics by Hand
2 Using SAS or SPSS to summarize data
1 SAS scripts to compute covariance matrices
3 Using SPSS to Summarize Continuous Data
4 Using PRELIS to Summarize Continuous Data
1 PRELIS
3 Ordinal Data Analysis
1 Univariate Normal Distribution of Liability
2 Bivariate Normal Distribution of Liability
3 Testing the Normal Distribution Assumption
4 Terminology for Types of Correlation
5 Using PRELIS with Ordinal Data
4 Preparing Raw Data
5 Summary
3 Biometrical Genetics
1 Introduction and Description of Terminology
2 Breeding Experiments: Gametic Crosses
3 Derivation of Expected Twin Covariances
1 Equal Gene Frequencies
2 Unequal Gene Frequencies
4 Summary
4 Matrix Algebra
1 Matrix Notation
2 Matrix Algebra Operations
1 Binary Operations
1 Addition and subtraction
2 Matrix multiplication
2 Unary Operations
1 Transposition
2 Determinant of a matrix
3 Trace of a matrix
4 Inverse of a matrix
3 Equations in Matrix Algebra
4 Applications of Matrix Algebra
1 Calculation of Covariance Matrix from Data Matrix
2 Transformations of Data Matrices
3 Further Operations and Applications
5 Exercises
1 Binary operations
2 Unary operations
5 Path Analysis and Structural Equations
1 Introduction
2 Conventions Used in Path Analysis
3 Assumptions of Path Analysis
4 Tracing Rules of Path Analysis
1 Tracing Rules for Standardized Variables
2 Tracing Rules for Unstandardized Variables
5 Path Models for Linear Regression
6 Path Models for the Classical Twin Study
1 Path Coefficients Model: Standardized Tracing Rules
2 Variance Components Model: Unstandardized Tracing Rules
7 Identification of Models and Parameters
8 Summary
6 Univariate Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Body Mass Index in Twins
3 Basic Genetic Model
4 Mx Example: Path Coefficients Model
1 Building an Mx script
2 Interpreting Mx Output
5 LISREL 8 Example: Variance Components Model
1 Building the Mx Script
2 Interpreting the Mx Output
6 Interpreting Univariate Results
7 Testing the Equality of Means
8 Incorporating Data from Singleton Twins
9 Conclusions: Genetic Analyses of BMI Data
10 Fitting Genetic Models to Binary Data
1 Major Depressive Disorder in Twins
11 Model for Age-Correction of Twin Data
7 Power and Sample Size
1 Factors Contributing to Power
2 Steps in Power Analysis
1 Example: The Power of the Classical Twin Study to Detect the Shared Environment
3 Loss of Power with Ordinal Data
4 Exercises
8 Social Interaction
1 Introduction to Non-recursive Models
2 Background
3 Sibling Interaction Model
4 Application to CBC Data
5 Consequences for Variation and Covariation
1 Derivation of Expected Covariances
2 Numerical Illustration
9 Sex-limitation and G
E Interaction
1 Introduction
2 Sex-limitation Models
1 General Model for Sex-limitation
1 Overview
2 Mx Specification
2 Restricted Models for Sex-limitation
1 Common Effects Sex-limitation Model
2 Scalar Effects Sex-limitation Model
3 Comments
3 Sex-limitation in Body Mass Index
1 The sample
2 Model-fitting Results
3 Comments
4 Genotype
Environment Interaction
1 Models for G
E Interactions
1 Testable Assumptions
2 General G
E Interaction Model
3 Common Effects G
E Interaction Model
4 Scalar Effects G
E Interaction Model
5 G
E Analysis of Marital Status and Depression
1 The Data
2 Model-fitting Results
10 Multivariate Analysis
1 Introduction
2 Phenotypic Factor Analysis
1 Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Models
2 Building a Phenotypic Factor Model Mx Script
3 Fitting a Phenotypic Factor Model
Mx Script for Phenotypic Factor Analysis of Four Variables
Mx Output from Phenotypic Factor Model
3 Simple Genetic Factor Models
1 Multivariate Genetic Factor Model
2 Alternate Representation of the Multivariate Genetic Factor Model
3 Fitting the Multivariate Genetic Model
Mx Output from Full Genetic Common Factor Model
Mx Output from Reduced Common Factor Model (No C)
4 Fitting a Second Genetic Factor
Mx Output from Two Factor Genetic Model
4 Multiple Genetic Factor Models
1 Genetic and Environmental Correlations
2 Cholesky Decomposition
3 Analyzing Genetic and Environmental Correlations
5 Common vs. Independent Pathway Genetic Models
1 Independent Pathway Model for Atopy
2 Common Pathway Model for Atopy
11 Observer Ratings
1 Introduction
2 Models for Multiple Rating Data
1 Rater Bias Model
2 Psychometric Model
3 Biometric Model
4 Comparison of Models
3 Application to CBC Data
1 Subjects and Methods
2 Results of Model-Fitting
3 Discussion of CBC Application
Bibliography
Index
About this document ...
Jeff Lessem 2000-03-20
E Interaction